Cryptoeconomics

The discipline of designing incentives — rewards, penalties, staking — enforced by cryptography and code so that self-interested participants secure and run a decentralised system without a trusted authority. It's 'reverse game theory': design the rules so honest behaviour is the profitable choice and attacks are expensive. It makes security quantifiable (attack cost vs gain, security budget vs value secured). Its hardest failures are emergent and cross-protocol (e.g. flash-loan attacks, MEV), where individually-sound mechanisms combine into dangerous dynamics.