Decentralized Storage

Storing data across many independent providers worldwide rather than a single company's servers, for censorship-resistance and resilience — e.g. IPFS (content-addressing), Filecoin (paid storage marketplace with proofs), Arweave (pay-once permanence via an endowment). Providers prove they store data (proof of replication/spacetime) and stake collateral. A key distinction: availability (retrievable now) vs permanence (kept long-term). Most 'on-chain' NFT/dApp data is actually a hash on-chain plus the real file stored here.